Euthanasia Essay: Eugenics To Euthanasia :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Eugenics To Euthanasia      Ã‚   This essay presents the appeal which euthanasia has to modern society. What is this appeal based on? Is it a valid appeal? These and other questions are addressed in this paper.    See if this story sounds familiar: A happily married couple - she is a pianist; he a rising scientist - have their love suddenly tested by a decline in the wife's health. Diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, she falls victim to a steady loss of muscle control and paralysis. The desperate husband uses all his professional skills to save her. But ultimately he must watch her deteriorate in hideous pain. The wife worries that she will soon no longer be "a person anymore - just a lump of flesh - and a torture" for her husband. She begs her husband to kill her before that happens. And eventually, worn down, the reluctant husband releases his wife from her misery with poison.    The husband is indicted for murder. But the understanding judge and jury soon agree that, given the circumstances, the husband is not a killer, and the law needs to be reformed. Meanwhile, in impassioned public comments, the husband attacks "the proponents of outmoded beliefs and antiquated laws" who inflict unnecessary anguish on the terminally ill, "who suffer without hope and whose death would be deliverance for them."    The story fits comfortably with today's medical headlines. It could easily be a 20/20 segment or a page from Jack Kevorkian's latest trial. But it comes from another era. Produced in 1941, it's the plot line of I Accuse, one of the Third Reich's most effective propaganda films. I Accuse was created for one reason only: to advance the Nazi campaign of euthanasia for the mentally and physically handicapped, "antisocial elements," and the terminally ill. And it worked. It was a big box-office success. It's also the classic example of how compassion can be manipulated to justify mass killing - first in the name of mercy, then in the name of cost and utility.    Obviously, America today is not Germany in 1941. Americans have a practical sense of justice that favors the weak and the little guy. But if we want to keep it that way, we shouldn't assume that merely knowing about a past tragedy prevents us from repeating it. We need to learn from history. And

The Nuclear Fusion Reactor Engineering Essay

Before any probes are done on reexamining suited stuffs for a atomic merger reactor, a general thought of the atomic merger itself had to be introduced. Nuclear merger is the procedure that is straight opposite of atomic fission[ 1 ]. It is a procedure that fuses two or more atomic karyon together in organizing a larger karyon. The karyon involved here are usually the isotopes of H as it is most executable to pull out energy from the merger of these atoms. This procedure releases enormous sum of energy[ 2 ]and it is believed to hold an energy denseness of three to four times greater than the energy denseness of atomic fission which itself is a million times greater of the energy denseness of chemical reactions. Besides that, atomic merger produced much lesser radioactive waste. ( 1 ) Therefore, merger is a really possible power beginnings that are both economically executable and safe. Besides that, merger fuel is renewable, abundant in nature and cheap ( 2 ) . However, to day of the month, there is non a executable operating commercial atomic merger power works. There are, nevertheless, several experimental merger reactors that are operational but they are non sustainable and therefore non executable at the minute. Inarguably, merger reactor is highly hard to construct. Fusion procedure itself is difficult to accomplish under normal fortunes. Fusion fuses 2 or more positively-charged karyon together and it is non hard to conceive of that the energy required to convey the karyon together is really big as the repulsive force force between two indistinguishable charged atoms is reciprocally relative to the square of the distance of the atoms[ 3 ]( 3 ) . In order to originate a merger procedure, it is required to heat the mixture of deuterium-deuterium ( DD ) or deuterium-tritium[ 4 ]( DT ) up to a temperature of non lower than 100 million Kelvin for the karyon to come near adequate to each other and fuse. At these temperatures, the H will be in a wholly ionised province known as plasma. ( 4 ) Presently, there are two ways to accomplish the temperature necessary for the atomic merger to take topographic point. They are, viz. , magnetic parturiency method and inertial parturiency method. Magnetic parturiency merger reactor uses magnetic and electric Fieldss to restrict the isotopes and heat them up to the needed temperature. Inertial parturiency merger reactor, on the other manus, uses optical maser beam or ion beams to heat up the plasma. ( 5 ) For the intent of this literature reappraisal, the magnetic parturiency method will be investigated as this method is considered as more dependable and hence, it is more extremely developed ( 6 ) . Among the magnetic parturiency merger experimental curates, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ( ITER ) will be peculiarly investigated together with Joint European Torus ( JET ) as the back uping probe. This is because ITER is the replacement of JET and ITER is presently the universes ‘ largest tokamak[ 5 ]atomic merger reactor which purpose to move as a operation and prolonging magnetic parturiency merger power works bring forthing net energy of 9 times the power its consume[ 6 ]( 7 ) . This is known to be the biggest graduated table of the merger reactor so far in the universe where the merger reactor will hold a really high energy generation and sustained burn. Upon the successful demonstration/experimentation in ITER, a all-out merger reactor will be able to be con structed on a larger graduated table based on the rule of ITER and benefits the world. Therefore, it is instead relevant to look into the potency of ITER in this reappraisal as if ITER is successfully built and demonstrated, a full graduated table power station that map wholly based on atomic merger can be produced. The building of ITER is still undergoing and expected to be completed in 2019.Objectives & A ; MotivationsThe aims of this literature reappraisal are to reexamine and take different stuffs that are suited in the building of the atomic merger reactor specific for ITER based on literatures available. In constructing a atomic merger reactor, different facets will hold to be considered and investigated as the standard for constructing a atomic merger power works is non easy satisfied. These will be farther discussed in this reappraisal. Therefore, in order to fulfill the different standards and different facets, different stuffs and their belongingss will hold to be consider ed before any choice is done. The motive of this literature reappraisal is based on the feasibleness and the limitless capablenesss of a atomic merger reactor. It is expected that non-renewable resources which are chiefly natural fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas would be depleted by 2100. The present civilisation are mostly based on oil and gas in energy coevals and production and therefore by 2100, if alternate beginnings are non sought after, so the present civilisation would fall in due to the energy deficit ( 8 ) . Nuclear merger power works, a really promising energy beginning, is being investigated by the scientists and applied scientists as one of the alternate beginnings of energy upon depletion of fossil fuels. Nuclear merger power works would non potentially let go of C dioxide ( CO2 ) as pollutant to the ambiance therefore will non be lending to planetary heating. Fusion fuels are besides abundant in nature as heavy hydrogen and tritium can be easy obtained from saltwater and Li[ 7 ]easy. If all heavy hydrogen in one liter of H2O is used to blend with tritium, the energy produced by this will be tantamount to the combustion of 340 liters of gasoline ( 9 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger leaves minimal or none of the radioactive waste. Contrary to atomic fission as good, the atomic merger power works have no potency of meeting a meltdown[ 8 ]at all and therefore will non do black consequence to the environing environment. For all these advantages, joint attempts from developed states all round the universe are sing atomic merger power works as a possible energy providing and therefore different constructs, proposals and designs had been proposed in order to construct a functional merger reactor. Therefore, it is non difficult to conceive of that the motive of the subject â€Å" Advanced Materials for Fusion Reactors † is wholly based on the fact that merger power works would be to a great extent dependent on in the hereafter if it is succeeded been developed.Components of Nuclear Fusion Reactors2.1 IntroductionThis literature reappraisal will get down with a general debut of the constituents of a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works and how the power works plants, so will be divided into subdivisions look intoing the major proficient challenges of some constituents inside the reactor. Upon the proficient challenges are determined, the focal point of this reappraisal will be on choosing the stuff belongingss that are suited for the job an d therefore the appropriate stuff measure uping for the peculiar belongings.Magnetic Confinement Fusion Power PlantThere are presently different methods in accomplishing the parturiency of the hot plasma magnetically. Among the most recent and widely method used is Tokamak whereby ITER itself is based on the construct of Tokamak ( 10 ) . This might be due to the fact the Tokamak is the most well-developed magnetic parturiency system at the present phase. Illustration of the magnetic parturiency merger construct Figure: Conventional Diagram of a Tokamak ( 11 ) Figure: Conventional Diagram of the Tokamak in ITER ( 12 ) Figure 1 and Figure 2 both show the conventional diagrams of how a Tokamak will look like. The vacuity vas[ 9 ]on Figure 2 will incorporate plasma and will be the topographic point where the merger reaction will take topographic point. The cover faculty will be screening the vacuity vas from the high-energy neutron and bring forthing tritium for farther merger procedure ( 13 ) . The toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral[ 10 ]are responsible to make a magnetic field in perpendicular and horizontal way to restrict the hot plasma and maintain the plasma off from the wall ( 14 ) . The cardinal solenoid will on the other manus bring on the current in the fuel that will ionize the H fuel organizing the plasma, heat up the plasma to about one tierce of the temperature required by merger[ 11 ]( 14 ) and besides shape the magnetic field in the divertor part ( 15 ) . The divertor maps as an ‘exhaust ‘ to pull out heat from the merger reaction every bit good as the waste m erchandise – He ( 16 ) . As mentioned earlier, the merger requires a temperature of over 150 million Kelvin, and hence, the warming produced by plasma current is deficient to heat up the plasma. Therefore, external warming[ 12 ]will be required to heat up the temperature further to the desired 100 million Kelvin. As ITER is an experimental reactor to look into the possibility of a merger reactor, hence, there are besides extended nosologies systems that are installed on the Tokamak to analyze the belongingss of the plasma and the existent perfomance of the ITER ( 18 ) . Finally, the cryostat is responsible to incorporate and back up the whole Tokamak construction. ITER will non be able fo map with the whole Tokamak system entirely. It needs external system to back up it as a functional reactor. As explained above, the plasma will be contained in a vacuity vas and therefore a vacuity system will be needed to pump air out of the vacuity vas to make a status of highly low denseness and force per unit area[ 13 ]( 19 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger reaction will merely happen one in a clip inside the tokamak. This means that certain sum of mass of H fuel[ 14 ]is injected into the vacuity vessels one at a clip and let the merger reaction to take topographic point. Therefore, a fuelling system must be used here. Due to the fact that the force per unit area inside the vas is really low and the fuel involved is really little, the merger reaction in ITER clearly will non do any lay waste toing consequence to the environment or the reactor once the reactor goes incorrectly. As the ITER is runing on a really big graduated table, much larger compared to its old version, hence, the magnets[ 15 ]will be heated up really rapidly and therefore is required to be cooled utilizing cryogenic engineering ( 21 ) . Distant handling is besides required in the ITER as it is impossible to make any fix or maintainance in the ITER while the reactor is active ( 22 ) . Like any other power works, ITER will necessitate a chilling system that will be responsible to chill or instead extract any heat released in the procedure ( 23 ) . For ITER, the heat will be dissipated to the milieus as it is an experimental reactor that are non responsible to bring forth electricity. For a real-life reactor, the heat extracted will be used to bring forth steam to turn the turbine which will in bend generate electricity. This would be the precisely same rule as a real-life power reactor. Ultimately, a power supply is required for ITER as it is impossible to bring forth any end product power without initial input power for a merger power works. These will be the chief constituents of a merger reactor. Each constituent will subsequently be investigated seperately together with the pick of stuff for the constituent. The general working rule behind a merger reactor like ITER will be as follow: First, all drosss and air are pump out of the vacuity vass. Fusion fuel will so be allowed to come in the reactor through the fuelling system. The cardinal solenoid will so bring on current to the fuel and inonize it into plasma while heating up the plasma. Simultaneously, the toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral will be activated and they will bring forth magnetic gield that will steer the plasma in weaving around the vacuity vas. External warming will farther heat up the temperature of the plasma up to around 150 1000000s Kelvin. The merger procedure will so get down. High-energy neutron will be released and absorbed into the cover. The energy produced by the neutron and the merger reaction will so be absorbed by the go arounding chilling H2O which will so disperse the heat consequently. Any merchandise that are left behind will so be exitting through the divertor.Material Challenges Presented in a Nuclear Fusion ReactorThere are several challenges that had to be faced in constructing a Tokamak type merger reactor. In fact, the challenges can be largely demonstrated on constructing an experimental reactor such as ITER. First and first, the neutron released by the merger reaction has a really high energy of about 14 MeV. Even fission reaction will merely let go of neutron of energy 2 MeV. Therefore, appropriate stuffs must be selected to see such neutron flux and barrage. Such barrage on any stuff will decidedly damage the stuff and induces radiation ( 24 ) . Besides neutron irradiation, the stuff must besides subject to gamma radiation flux and impersonal atom fluxes. Though non obvious, but the nosologies system in the ITER will besides necessitate to defy such rough environment in the vacuity vass ( 18 ) . The cover wall will function multiple intents every bit good. The cover wall needs to be able to bring forth tritium when interacting with the neutron release by merger reaction to farther fuel tritium for following merger ( 25 ) . The first wall of the plasma chamber will necessitate to confront the highly high temperature plasma every bit good. Therefore, it will be subjected to electromagnetic moving ridges of high energy which chiefly are X-rays ( 2 ) and highly high heat burden. Due to extreme heat flux, there might be hazard that stuffs will be evaporated from the divertor and being deposited on the plasma confronting surface ( 26 ) . As the merger power works like ITER use magnetisms to restrict the plasma, it is besides of import to observe that the magnets used in the power works must be of high efficiency. It is suggested that the magnets use here should be ace conducting as the power consumed by a normal magnet to restrict such plasma will be really immense ( 2 ) . As the divertor is responsible to wash up the byproduct of merger, it will hold to digest high heat tonss[ 16 ]and supply the shielding for neutron barrage every bit good ( 27 ) . The cardinal solenoid and poloidal field spirals will bring on a big and fluctuating magnetic field of about 1T at the first wall and 0.2T at the cryostat wall ( 26 ) . The operation of ITER is besides the largest to day of the month which it will necessitate to keep a steady-state operation of more than 1 hr. With that in head, this will be the harshest environment that is yet to be experienced by bing stuffs. Before any choices are done, the readers of this literature reappraisal are advised that the choice of all stuffs are done based on the diaries and the studies done by the ITER forces and applied scientists and their suitableness remains to be confirmed. There are besides some company being suggested by the ITER organisations that are specializing in production of different stuffs for each constituent. Readers that are interested can look up the company. The general choice of the stuffs for cardinal constituents had already been summarised in the Table 4 of Appendix. Full design specification of ITER can besides be viewed at ( 28 ) .General Structural MaterialThe general structural stuff here is the stuff for the in-vessel constituents[ 17 ], the vacuity vass and cryostat. There is a general understanding that the structural stuffs in a merger atomic power works should non bring forth any radioactive merchandises that have a long life clip and the ephemeral radioactive merchandise on the other manus should non do unacceptable safety effects. This is to forestall the volatile radioactive merchandises that might be released into the environment in the event of accidents and to understate the consequence of high decay heat[ 18 ]. This in footings regulations out the possibility of utilizing several debasing elements for steels in ITER. These include Nb, Mo, Co and Ni ( 29 ) . For ITER, the most suited structural stuff would be unstained steel ( SS ) . The class selected here would be type 316L ( N ) -IGX[ 19 ]austenitic SS. The steel selected here had many belongingss that are first-class for the ITER constructions. Among the belongingss are equal mechanical belongingss, good opposition to corrosion, able to be welded, forged, and casted[ 20 ], industrially available can be easy manufactured, much less sensitive to radiation embrittlement ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS here is besides well-known for its extended database and acceptable radiation harm opposition. Although some lessening in ductileness might happen due to irradiation at temperature of 275-375A °C, but this is sufficient for ITER operation ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS proposed for cryostat would be 304L. Although the steel is being selected, there are certain demands for the contents of the steel that must be satisfied. For a merger reactor, activated Co ( Co ) is really important in lending radiation dosage. Therefore, the decrease of Co content in all the chromium steel steel used to 0.05 % can cut down the activation of the constituents ( 30 ) . Besides Co, Nb would bring forth durable radioisotopes that will post a job in waste direction and decommissioning. For 316L ( N ) -IG SS, Nb is present as hint component. It is of import to cut down Nb content in the steel to 0.01 % ( 30 ) . Although the stuff for shielding of the chief vacuity vass will be SS 316L ( N ) -IG, the shielding of the primary vass[ 21 ]can be done utilizing SS 30467 with 2 % B[ 22 ]and the stuff for ferromagnetic shielding[ 23 ]can be done utilizing SS 430 ( 31 ) in the vacuity vas. Besides the general construction, the stuff of nickel-based-alloy keys and bolts[ 24 ]used must be investigated here every bit good. The general stuff for cardinal and bolts would be Inconel 718 ( 30 ) . The pick of stuff here is due to the fact that Inconel 718 has high strength, stamina and weariness opposition and it is widely used in atomic industry and commercially available ( 32 ) . The expected neutron irradiation experienced by the bolt would be 0.5 dpa, under such status, the strength of Inconel 718 will increase together with a little lessening in ductileness but it will non impact the overall constituent unity over its life-time. However, the low coefficient of thermic enlargement of Inconel 718 must be taken into consideration ( 33 ) .The BlanketAs mentioned in Section 2.3, the cover is a really of import constituent in ITER. The cover will hold to fulfill the undermentioned demand: To defy the high heat burden due to its close contact with the plasma. To retrieve tritium and to engender tritium fuel for new merger reaction. To supply thermic screening to the vas. To supply screening from neutron barrage and bring forth a little sum of radioactive waste. To retrieve heat by provide sufficient cooling/heat money changers. To protect the magnet spiral from the atomic radiation. In a merger reactor like ITER, the cover system is farther divided into 2 parts, viz. the first wall as the first bed of protection, and the cover as the shielding and tritium genteelness. Most of the neutron produced by the merger will go through through the first wall and are absorbed in the cover and the shield ( 2 ) . Therefore, the cover will be responsible to capture these neutrons while pull outing their energy and besides breed new tritium to replace tritium used in the merger procedure. The heat sink besides exists here to let heat exchange to take topographic point. On the other manus, the first wall will supply screening for tritium and in the ITER, it will be the most tritium-contaminated device ( 27 ) . The first wall is besides responsible to screen the constituent behind it from the direct contact with plasma. Therefore, the first wall should be able to defy the corrosion resulted from the plasma when they are in contact with one another. Besides, for the intent of eas y care, the cover wall is modular. The full cover parametric quantity is listed in Table 1 as shown below: Table: Blanket Parameter for ITER ( 500 MW merger reactor ) ( 27 ) Beryllium ( Be ) is the first pick of stuff for the tiles of the first wall. This is because of the undermentioned belongingss: low plasma taint, ability to defy big figure of perpendicular supplanting events ( 34 ) , low radiative power losingss, good O gettering provided that heat burden is non sufficient to vaporize Be, low tritium stock list[ 25 ]( 35 ) , absence of chemical spluttering, low atomic figure, the possibility of in situ fix of the harm faculties by plasma spray, first-class neutron and energy generation. The class of Beryllium selected is S-65C VHP due to its low content of metallic dross, high neutron irradiation opposition, high thermic weariness opposition, high elevated temperature ductileness and low cycling thermic weariness ( 30 ) . However, the chief job of Be are toxicity and handiness ( 25 ) . The toxicity will non be an issue[ 26 ]here and sing the handiness, Be can ever be reprocessed upon the terminal of the life clip of the reactor for new reactor. There is available engineering and processs to manage Be at current minute and the reprocessing is executable. The existent ingestion of Be will non be much of a concern. Other than that, there is a chief concern that the brickle break of Be is noticed when it is tested under low irradiation temperature[ 27 ]( 30 ) . Such embrittlement at low temperature could take to the brickle failure of the faculties. Additional R & A ; D is needed to analyze the break mechanics of S-65C VHP. It is besides noticed that Be is merely acceptable for a low-duty rhythm machine[ 28 ]such as ITER ( 34 ) . In decision, the first wall panels and the bulk of the internal Tokamak surface will be covered by Be. Their occupation is simple, to defy and reassign the heat from the plasma t o the chilling system via heat sink. In fact, for ITER and JET, there is already a company in Finland known as DIARC-Technology Inc. that is specialised in supplying the plasma coating ( 36 ) . It is of import besides to observe that ceramic complexs such as silicon-carbide ( SiC ) fibre-reinforced SiC-matrix had been conveying to the concern of the applied scientists. Ceramic complexs are of peculiar involvement due to the fact that the degree of radiation induced here is much lower[ 29 ]than that of a metallic construction ( 2 ) . However, with the high pay-off, it comes with high hazard. The high pay-off is evidently the first-class safety of SiC due to its highly low induced radiation, whereas the high hazard is uncertainness of the SiC public presentation and belongingss when it is subjected to irradiation under high temperature ( 37 ) . Table 2 is attached naming the cardinal constituents required if the new-generation SiC is chosen to be used as the structural stuff and the nucleus stuff[ 30 ]in the power works. Several issues need to be raised before sing SiC: the cost of fiction of the complexs, the connection method, low thermic conduction under irradiation at hig h temperature, and the maximal operating temperature around the cover and the constructions of the works. SiC had been considered in assorted power works designs such as TAURO, DREAM, and AIRES-AT. However, it is non being considered as the chief structural stuff in ITER due to its unpredictable public presentation. Further R & A ; D might be required to develop SiC into a high public presentation merger power works nucleus stuff with safety advantages. Detailed plants can be referred at ( 37 ) . Table: Suggested Parameters for a SiC-based Fusion Power Plant ( 37 ) Besides the screening consequence by the first wall, cover besides act as a tritium breeder. The suited stuff here would be Li or Li compounds as it will absorb the high-energy neutron and release tritium as shown in Equation 1 and 2 below ( 2 ) . The first reaction will devour energy of 2.87 MeV but it will bring forth an extra neutron that can undergo farther reaction to engender tritium. The 2nd reaction will take to an energy production of 4.8 MeV. The enrichment of the Li in the compounds depends on the type of power reactor. Equation.Equation Among the Li compounds, Lithium zirconate ( Li2ZrO3 ) is preferred as the genteelness cover due to its good irradiation stableness, its good compatibility with steel, low tritium keeping at low temperature, and insensitiveness to wet ( 31 ) . The Li here can be enriched to 90 % to heighten the genteelness of tritium. The genteelness cover here will be in the signifier of pebbles. The proposed agreement of the breeder would be holding 2-3 breeder zones embedded in Be tiles giving the net tritium genteelness ratio of greater than 0.8 ( 31 ) . Ultimately, the dramatis personae steel can be used as the concluding shielding portion of the first wall ( 30 ) . In the design of ITER, a high thermic conduction stuff, known as heat sink, will be placed in between the armor and the chilling channels with its chief fuction being reassigning the heat fluxes and energy extracted by the first wall to the coolants, cut downing the thermic emphasiss undergone by the protecting constituent expeditiously. Therefore, for the heat sink, the Cu ( Cu ) metal would be preferred due to its high thermic conduction. The class selected here would be CuCrZr metal. However, the belongingss of CuCrZr alloy depend extremely on its thermomechanical intervention and fabrication procedure. Provided the fabrication procedure will impact the belongingss minimally, CuCrZr will hold high break stamina at high temperature. Besides CuCrZr is a weldable stuff and it is widely available in the market. Although the metal will exhibit radiation hardening, lessening in ductileness, and loss of the ability for work indurating at low neutron irradiation temperature, the public pr esentation of the metal still meets ITER ‘s standards ( 32 ) . However, this CuCrZr metal will be differ from the standard one in footings of its content. For the standard metal, the Cr contents would change from 0.4 % to 1.5 % and Zr contents would change from 0.03 % to 0.25 % , nevertheless, the metal used in ITER would utilize a much narrower scope[ 31 ]. The ground of restricting Cr in much narrower scope is to cut down the possibility of formation of harsh Cr precipitates which will affection the radiation opposition. Zr on the other manus will do hardening of metal and influences the recrystallization temperature and the ageing clip. The restriction of O in the metal to less than 0.002 % and the entire sum of drosss to less than 0.03 % is besides needed for a better embrittlement opposition ( 30 ) . Besides the stuffs for each constituent, the stuff of the articulations of heat sink to the cover faculties and to the overall construction needs to be considered every bit good. To bond the heat sink onto the armour stuffs, a procedure known as Hot Isostatic Pressing ( HIP ) is introduced ( 36 ) . HIP bonding is a type of fabricating procedure that will adhere metals together while cut downing the porousness of the metals and it will ensue in tight geometrical tolerance. The status of the HIP of the two stuffs is furthered explain in ( 32 ) and ( 31 ) . In fact, the articulations of Be/Cu and Cu/SS had been successfully tested under heat flux up to 12 MW/m2 under 4500 rhythms ( 31 ) . In UK, there is an technology company known as AMEC worked with the bonding of the hot sink to the Be foremost wall. Detailss for HIP fall ining engineerings can be viewed at ( 31 ) , ( 38 ) and ( 39 ) . Figure: Blanket Flexible Support Attachment ( 32 ) There is another stuff concern here for the covers attachment. As shown in Figure 3, it is necessary to attach the cover to the vacuity vass. The ITER design is such that a flexible cartridge is screwed onto the vas and bolted through the entree hole in the cover faculty. The stuff here needs to fulfill the undermentioned standards: high strength, must be able to defy high axial burden forces and let elastic distortion during flexing. The pick of stuff here would be titanium alloy – Ti-6Al-4V ( 32 ) . This stuff is widely used and so its database is instead complete. The stuff itself besides has low Young modulus ( 31 ) . The ductileness of the stuff is non capable to any alterations as the dosage it will be exposed to as the protection from the cover faculty itself minimise the barrage of the energetic neutron onto the cartridge.Divertorshypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/doc/www/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/15/divertor_4.jpg Figure: The perpendicular marks and the dome of the ITER divertor ( 16 ) For the armour tiles of the divertor baffle countries[ 32 ], sintered wolfram ( W ) in the cold worked and stress relieved conditions will be a great pick. W has low eroding rate[ 33 ]as compared to Be and C, low tritium keeping ( 32 ) , and longer life-time ( 16 ) . However, the disadvantages of utilizing wolframs are such that it will do a big radiative power loss and might run if it is subjected to abnormal high extremum burden. Therefore, for countries that exposed to high thermic flux[ 34 ], W is non suited. Therefore, for such countries, carbon-fibre-reinforced C complex ( CFC ) will be used due to its high thermic conduction to have the higher heat fluxes. However, the usage of CFC must be minimised and restricted to the country mentioned above merely because it will gnaw chemically and retain tritium. Besides that, there are some belongingss alterations of CFC under neutron irradiation that must be noted. At low irradiation temperature[ 35 ], the thermic conduction of CFC might be 3-5 times lower than the unirradiated CFC. The lessening in the thermic conduction might take to a rise in thermic eroding ( 30 ) . However, the addition in eroding is still allowable within the life-time of the constituent. Detailss of fall ining engineerings for CFC are discussed at ( 38 ) . In short, the stuff choice for divertor baffles and dome would be W and CFC at the work stoppage points chiefly the perpendicular marks ( 36 ) . As there are advantages and disadvantages of utilizing CFC and W, another suggestion for the divertor stuff is using a coating of W on CFC. This might show a good solution and cut down cost but it is subjected to research. However, there is an issue with this solution. The thermic enlargement of CFC might post the job to the divertor itself. This can farther be overcome by lodging a thin bed[ 36 ]of Molybdenum ( Mo ) as intermediate. This had been tested by heating up to 2000 A °C without the failure of the constituents ( 36 ) . Full makings of wolfram coating is reported in ( 40 ) . For the overall cassette organic structure of the divertor, SS 316 L ( N ) -IG is selected as stuff for fabricating through cast/HIP or pulverization HIP method. The elaborate survey of the plasma confronting stuff[ 37 ]and its experimental consequences together with the belongingss of articulation can be found at ( 41 )NosologiesIn existent merger reactor, the nosologies system might non be that extended as compared to the experimental reactor like ITER, but the being of nosologies system and diagnostic device inside the vacuity vas is ineluctable in order to analyze the plasma parametric quantities and the wall parametric quantities. Like all other in-vessels constituents, nosologies system will be subjected to high neutron flux and high radiation ( 32 ) . The stuffs used for nosologies system today ‘s experiment experience really small radiation, hence new stuffs must be proposed to be used in the risky environment like ITER. To give an thought of how rough is the environment that the nosologies system will see, Table 3 is shown in Appendix for farther mention. In choosing the stuff for the nosologies system, the cardinal choice standards would be radiation opposition. ITER would utilize fibre ocular transmittal near the plasma. During merger, a few meters of overseas telegram will be subjected to important radiation flux, hence, radiation opposition for optical wavelengths would be a consideration. In the IR and the seeable part of electromagnetic moving ridges[ 38 ], stuffs such as silicon oxides fibre with optimized fluorine-doped nucleus will supply dependable fiber-optic transmittal in the high-radiation vacuity vass ( 42 ) . However, it is non advisable to utilize optical fiber inside the vacuity vass because embrittlement may happen at high degree of irradiation and in the vacuity vass and the fiber in the vacuity vas will hold to work outside its preferable part of electromagnetic moving ridges as mentioned above. In order to go through the fiber into the vacuity vass, a more optimal stuff must be searched for. In order to go throug h the wire into the vacuity vas into the ITER device, a multi nucleus ( 57 fibers ) device that can be remotely handled is being developed. For insulating ceramics[ 39 ]of wire, the wire and the magnetic spiral, it is non a large job as there is assuring campaigners exist. Single crystal and polycrystal aluminum oxide ( Al2O3 ) can be considered as the insulating ceramics with careful pick of operating temperature scope ( 32 ) . In fact, Al2O3 will be used throughout for the electrical dielectric of the constituents around the ITER. It is non expected that the stuff will see important debasement of its strength over its life-time in the reactor. However, it is of import to observe the effects of irradiation on the electrical belongingss of the electrical constituents and the dielectric stuff. Two of the of import physical consequence would be radiation-induced conduction ( RIC ) and radiation induced electrical debasement ( RIED ) ( 26 ) . The RIC consequence for the campaigner stuffs had been shown in Table 6 in Appendix. However, overall, there is no serious debasement of the belongingss that might impact the public pr esentation and the safety of the stuffs provided the careful choice of stuffs. For RIED, nevertheless, it is still non being understood yet, hence more R & A ; D must be done ( 43 ) . Mineral insulating ( MI ) overseas telegrams[ 40 ]are extremely immune to radiation every bit good and are widely used in atomic reactor ( 44 ) . Therefore MI overseas telegrams will be a suited campaigner for the magnetic spiral and overseas telegrams. The Windowss used in the nosologies system is besides subjected to radiation. The belongingss that are of concern when choosing the diagnostic window is radiation induced soaking up ( 26 ) . Sapphire can be considered as better stuffs for the Windowss when subjected to shorter wavelength as compared to fused silicon oxide due to its tolerance to gamma radiation[ 41 ]. However, diamond will be as the best stuff for nosologies Windowss as it can digest radiation from GHz part to IR part ( 32 ) . For plasma-facing optical component ( mirrors and reflectors ) , the mirrors will frequently confront with the job of deposition of scoured stuffs from other in-vessel constituents and subjected to intense radiation. Careful pick of mirror stuff must be made. For majority metal mirrors, the radiation and neutron might non present a serious menace although excess attention still hold to be taken to cover with the atomic warming ( 26 ) . The pick of stuff for majority metal mirrors can be Cu, W, Mo, SS or Al. For dielectric coated mirror, neutron irradiation can take to flaking and vesiculation and will damage the mirror. The similar job will happen with the multi-layer mirrors. Therefore, choice must be careful. Suggested stuffs for dielectric coated mirror are HfO2/SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 ( 32 ) . For inorganic X-ray crystal, it will be unaffected by the neutron irradiation. Suggested stuff is graphite ( 43 ) . Bolometer is a device mensurating the power of electromagnetic radiation and therefore will be installed in ITER every bit good. Bolometer of stuff made of isinglass as the substrate and gold as meander used for JET is possible to be reintroduced in ITER as the testing of the bolometer is the JET reactor is non a job. However, the gold meander thought to hold been broken due to the transubstantiation and substrate puffiness ( 43 ) . Therefore, for ITER, alternate meander such as Pt will be considered. But the design for ITER at the minute still keep Mica as substrate and Gold as meander ( 32 ) , though more R & A ; D had been planned look intoing the possible substrate stuffs such as Al2O3, aluminum nitride ( AIN ) , CVD diamond, KU1 fused silicon oxide and Si3N4.MagnetsThe magnets, without uncertainties, are the most of import and critical component in a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works. The spirals must be designed to accomplish superior public presentation in footing s of the current denseness and field at minimal cost without compromising the quality of the magnets ( 45 ) . Therefore, the choice of stuffs for the magnet remains a really important portion in a reactor like ITER. The pick of the magnets will be depend on the field, temperature and current. Among the suited stuffs that can be used to construct the superconductor magnets here are Nb3Sn and NiTi. Nb3Sn has a higher critical temperature and field than its opposition. However, NiTi is more malleable and the twist techniques are more conventional ( 32 ) . For cardinal solenoid and toroidal field spiral, the selected stuff is Nb3Sn because it allows these spirals to run at 12 T while being cooled by the supercritical He. Harmonizing to ( 45 ) , Nb3Sn is the lone stuff that is capable of supplying 12 T which is far more beyond that other commercially available superconductor but it will hold to undergo complex fabrication procedure which will be explained in the undermentioned reappraisal. For ITER, it is of import besides to guarantee that there is minimal hysteresis loss with high current denseness. NbTi will be selected for poloidal field spiral ( 46 ) . The construction of the toroidal field and the cardinal solenoid will be a lesion in a form of battercake and utilize the engineering ‘wind, react and transportation ‘ while for the construction of poloidal field spiral, the construction will be like dual battercakes ( 12 ) . Figure: Typical Agreement of Conductors Strand and Filaments ( 32 ) The music director jacket plays an of import structural function for the magnets. For poloidal field spiral, the fiction of the jacket will be an bulge subdivision which is assembled by butt welding. As a consequences, the tensile emphasis will rule here and 316L ( N ) austenitic steel is selected as the stuff for polodial field spiral music director jacket ( 12 ) . On the other manus, cardinal solenoid is extremely stressed and it will necessitate to rhythm twice per pulsation from 0 to 13T magnetic field. Therefore, the stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket demands to hold high output strength and high weariness opposition and have to be co-reacted through Nb3Sn heat intervention[ 42 ]. Titanium will be preferred stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket because it is preferred for a co-reacted jacket holding a thermic contraction coefficient that is near to that of Nb3Sn strands as the strand superconducting belongingss will be decreased by strain ( 32 ) . Besides Ti, Incoloy 908 will undergo precipitation indurating during co-reaction holding a high weariness opposition and is besides a suited stuff for the jacket music director. However, it is excess sensitive to emphasize accelerated grain boundary oxidization[ 43 ]( SAGBO ) which will ensue in O demands during the heat intervention procedure ( 32 ) and hence the heat i ntervention furnace must be controlled to keep low concentrations of O ( 47 ) . It is besides indispensable that the music director will be insulated with glass-kapton when being heat treated to guarantee good insularity ( 45 ) . Therefore, finally, Incoloy 908 will be used to envelop the overseas telegram although it is new and need to be co-reacted with Nb3Sn under carefully specified conditions ( 48 ) . Figure 7 in Appendix can be referred to see the overall cardinal solenoid clearly. The item fabrication procedure and weaving engineering is further discussed at ( 48 ) . For toroidal field spiral, the music director jacket can be built from modified 316LN[ 44 ]steel tubing which has a higher thermic contraction during co-reaction and acceptable break stamina. As such the big mechanical burdens on the toroidal filed spiral can be overcome by edifice of the thick steel spiral instances around the superconductors weaving battalion. These instances will see high emphasis locally with a cyclic constituent due to its interaction with poroidal field spiral ( 32 ) . The insularity of toroidal field spiral will utilize the same stuff as cardinal solenoid which is glass-kapton tape. The item fabrication procedure and weaving procedure of toroidal field spiral can be explored at ( 49 ) . Furthermore, to forestall fast fatigue cleft growing in steel due to the temperature of 4 K coolant of liquid He go throughing through it[ 45 ], a to the full established steel of category 316 must be used. Just to accomplish this intent, a particular category of strengthened austenitic steel have been defined. They are given name as EK1, EC1, JJ1, and JK2 during the R & A ; D of ITER. These steel are formed by increasing its N content which will increase the strength of the stuff and increasing its manganese content to increase nitrogen solubility in order to keep a good welding. EK1 and JJ1 will be used to beef up the interior leg basic elements[ 46 ]of toroidal field spiral instance and articulations around the spiral and intercoil construction. JK2 will be used to reenforce the Ti cardinal solenoid music director jacket. EC1 is used to beef up outer leg basic elements[ 47 ]of toroidal field spiral. ( 32 )External Heatinghypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/img/sq-640-85/ww w/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/17/heating_4.jpg Figure: Proposed External Heating of ITER ( 17 ) The heating beginning of the merger power reactor must non be neglected every bit good in footings of stuff choice. This is because the external warming will be responsible to supply more than 10 % of the 50 MW input power of the merger power works. It is besides responsible to heat the temperature of the plasma up to the desired 150 million Kelvin. As mentioned in Section 2.1, there will be 2 beginnings of electromagnetic moving ridges that are responsible to heat up the plasma. Therefore, it is required to construct 2 radio-frequency aerial. The aerial will hold to prolong long continuance of plasma operation utilizing the high powers with the aid of Lower Hybrid Passive Active Multi-juntion ( PAM ) microwave launcher[ 48 ]. For ITER, there is already a pre-installed aerial. Therefore, another aerial had to be built from the abrasion and this might move as the mention for building of future merger power works ( 36 ) . The chief stuff challenge here is to manufacture a multi-waveguide construction for the moving ridge transmittal from the electromagnetic moving ridge generator to the vacuity vas. In ITER, the construction will necessitate the machining of Cu to the chromium steel steel by brazing. The fabrication of such devices face with a figure of proficient troubles which the chief troubles being the detonation bonding between the Cu and chromium steel steel for dual and ternary beds of stuff would deformed by the residuary internal emphasis after heat intervention and machining. Therefore, a particular brazing tool is required. A Gallic company, CEA, had proposed a engineering whereby the brazing tool allows commanding of the constituent contact force per unit area at high temperature under vacuity. ( 36 ) However, there is another type of electromagnetic moving ridge warming in ITER. It functions like a microwave with the lone difference being the microwave operates at megawatt power. It is called Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ECRH ) and it will heats the negatron utilizing an electromagnetic moving ridge of 170 GHz, the resonating frequence of the negatrons and the negatrons will so reassign its energy to the plasma ( 17 ) . Among the designs, there is a design that requires a â€Å" square corrugated wave guide † . If such wave guides is needed, rapid chilling will be required every bit good as the power transmitted by the moving ridge is high[ 49 ]. Such device does non presently exist and therefore will post a stuff challenge of holding a wave guide that is corrugated with high tolerance and welded under vacuity tight status ( 36 ) . However, there is presently a paradigm of wave guide being tested at such high power and the consequence is really satisfactory. The company involved here is the Heeze Mechanics. Due to a design alteration of ITER, a wave guide as mentioned above might non be required for the minute ( 36 ) . Therefore, the suited stuff for such wave guide is non investigated here.Remote HandlingRemote handling is highly of import in ITER as explained in Section 2.1 and all the stuffs involved in the vass will non be replaced manually on-site but will be repaired remotely. It is expected that the divertor will undergo serious eroding and is expected to be replaced 3 times during the life-time of ITER ( 36 ) . Therefore, DTP2 installation will be built in ITER to transport out all distant managing occupations. This will move as an in-vessel conveyance system to take and reinstall any harm faculties. The inside informations of how distant handling will assist to mend the vass are discussed in great inside informations at ( 50 ) and ( 51 ) . The stuff used is non specified here but it involved the usage of automaton and progress electronics that is available at current engineering.Cooling SystemThe chilling system in a merger reactor must be really advance as it is required to chill and pull out a theoretical power of 500 MW. However, the chilling system here will non present a job to a merger reactor like ITER. This is due to the fact that the current engineering can manage a atomic fission power works that let go ofing 1000 MW of end product power. The choice of stuff for the coolant of the merger power reactor can be every bit simple as H2O. Although there is other proposed design whereby the coolant selected will be liquid Li and it will acts as both the tritium breeder and coolant in a merger power works ( 25 ) , nevertheless, ITER will be utilizing the H2O as its chief coolant to pull out the heat energy. The status of the H2O used here are of 3.8 – 4 MPa with inlet temperature of 140 A °C and outlet temperature of 190 A °C with speed of about 5 m/s ( 31 ) . The H2O chilling system will be arranged to go around the cover faculty, the heat sinks, the divertor, the divertor cassette, the genteelness cover and the vacuity vas. The piping of the chilling system will be unstained steel[ 50 ]. However, it is of import that note that the B content in the steel will bring forth He as waste at topographic points where the steel is stopping points to the H2O chilling channels. Therefore, the B content in steel used for in-vessels chilling pipe must be reduced to 0.0010 % , so that the He coevals can be minimised. For all the magnetic spirals, it is indispensable that they are cooled by ace critical He of approximative 4 K.DiscussionDecisionMentions

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Education Of Single Sex Schools And Co Education Schools

Education System in the UK Education is an important tool that is applied in the contemporary world to succeed, as it mitigates the challenges which are faced in life. The knowledge gained through education enables individuals’ potential to be optimally utilized owing to training of the human mind. This opens doors of opportunities enables individual to achieve better prospects in career growth. The education system generally and in the UK specifically is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. Schools in the UK are either single-sex school or mixed-sex school. Mixed-sex education, also known as co-education is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to the 19th century and it is separating between boys and girls in schools. This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of education in single sex schools and co-education school s. Single sex schools are common in faith schools as well as institutions that have the opinion that there are relate academic advantages. The majority of people believe that institutions that have single sexes are preferable, as boys are not in competition with one another due to the presence of girls. According to Jackson and Bisset (2005) Parents in a UK study were of the opinion that if there were no girls present, boys would concentrate and participate more in theirShow MoreRelatedMale and Female Segregated Education (Co-Ed Versus Single Sex School): Separate but Equal3125 Words   |  13 Pagespeople argue about why segregated education for males and females is a controversial issue. People argue about why they have to change the view of sharing the same classes. How does a co-educational school made students familiar with the real world despite the fact that the real world is aggregated? They think that gender is not as important as education itself, but researchers ha ve started to notice the difference in education when males and females are separated in school classes, and they have begunRead MoreSingle-Sex Schools Benefits974 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex school s benefits In some countries single-sex schools is not provided and against the law. In 2002, only a dozen schools were separating sexes and this research is according to the National Association for Single Sex Public Education. Many parents believe that placing their child in single-sex schools give them sexual freedom. Students in single-sex school benefit more than those in co-education. It improves the behaviour, performance of the students, although boys and girlsRead MoreThe Issue Of Public Single Sex Education Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagespublic single-sex education has increased in the recent years as schools are piled with more pressure to increase their grades and keep teaching method fresh. It’s an old approach to the education but its gaining momentum in public schools as it has been the method in most private schools. According to the report by National Association for Single Sex Education, over two hundred public schools across the United States offer single-sex c lassrooms. Most public schools are venturing into single-sex educationRead MoreSingle Sex Classrooms Helps Increase Self Esteem973 Words   |  4 PagesSingle Sex Education is considered to be a teaching system that has been implemented in schools all over world, from long ago and little still today. That means that girls and boys are instructed in separate schools or classrooms. How does single-sex education benefits students? That is the question that some parents make themselves when their sons enter school. Researches demonstrate that single sex classrooms helps increase self esteem; offer an environment that students feel more confortable inRead MoreIs Co-Education a Good Way Out?1170 Words   |  5 PagesIs the co-education arrangement a good idea? Introduction: The ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, said that Co-education creates a feeling of comradeship. He advocated teaching of both the male and female sexes in the same institution without showing any discrimination in imparting education. In recent years, a growing number of parents are choosing to send their children to single sex school. Some parents don’t want their children to be in mixed-gender classrooms because at certain ages studentsRead MoreSingle-sexed or Mix-School Debate775 Words   |  3 Pagesis better for children studying at single sex-school or mixed sex-school? This is the most attracting question to parents when their children have the age of education or the age when they go to school. All parents want for their children the best thing in all life, want for their children things which they can’t do it, so many decision will take on one topic. Some people see that co-education is the best way of education, co-educational is a system of education boys and girls together. Boys and girlsRead MoreThe Disadvantages Of Co Ed Schools1402 Words   |  6 PagesBeing a freshman in college, I have attended co-ed schools all my life. It was more common to have a teacher and then a classroom mixed with boys and girls. I can admit it can be quite distracting to learn if it’s a boy in your classroom you like or even if your friends are in there too. Being in a co-ed classroom it was much and still hard for me to ask for help or even make a comment when it’s dealing with the male-dominated subject like math. You don’t want to seem dumb and don t want peopleRead MoreAll Girls and All Boys - Should Schools Educate One Gender? Essay example647 Words   |  3 PagesThe issue of single- sex education and mixed- sex education have occupied the minds of almost all the professors of the educational process all over the world for centuries. To deal with this issue, there must be many sayings and arguments. Also, other studies related, should be put in to consideration. There are many more opinions that support single-sex education, others support co-education. Most world countries are following the opinion that says that coeducation is better and more effective thanRead MoreSingle Sex Schools : Primary Schools946 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schools, specifically primary schools, are more beneficial to students because they facilitate higher test scores, superior academic outcomes, and greater engagement in school activities. Parents and educators have debated since the early nineteenth century whether to educate students in single-sex or co-ed schools. Currents studies have shown that single-sex schools achieve higher in academic success. Students with higher academic success become adults with a brighter future that canRead MoreSchooling for All1221 Words   |  5 Pagesin the area of education has been the fight to make more single–sex schools available for students. Co-ed schooling has been the standard for educat ion that many children enjoy being in. Many argue however that changing schools to be single-sex is one of the best solutions to upgrade the education for children. However, a school that provides single-sex education is not automatically a better school than a coeducational one. Thus, when seeing the whole picture, single-sex education is the same, if

Computer Software Attacks - 605 Words

According to Ponemon Institute Research Report , Virus, worms, Trojans and malware are the most common type of attacks. These are most preventable with robust anti-virus and anti-malware software. Many people think that having a good anti-virus or an inbuilt firewall will prevent most of the attacks. These security measures will not control most of the other attacks like Denial of Service, Zero-Day exploits or malicious codes. The same reports also state that the cost of Virus, Worms, Trojans, and Malware attack are the lowest among all other types of attack. (Ponemon Institute 2013). So even if the company spent most of their security budget on anti-virus, it will still incur a huge cost if any other attacks are successful. According to hackmageddon.com, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and SQL Injection (SQLi) are the top two attack techniques in the year 2013 (Passeri 2014). These types of attack can only be prevented with proper network planning and regularly testing network infrastructure for possible security issues. As more and more tools are available to amateur hackers they will try or attempt to break into insecure networks using most vulnerable exploits (DataLossDB, Data Loss - Latest Incidents 2014). The success of these network attacks can lead to data theft, data loss, compliance failures and website outages. These breaks can do not only cause legal issue due to failure of compliance, but may likewise result in customer dissatisfaction. DissatisfiedShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Software Security1161 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware Security The software security is very important issue among all the software. All the software’s must have the good security in order to prevent it from the different attacks from the internet like the viruses and many other attacks online which can harm the computer sufficiently. The main purpose of the security of all the software’s is to avoid the malicious attack of the other things. The main thing is the functionRead MoreResearch Essay On Software Attacks945 Words   |  4 Pagesof the first lectures in class, the threat of attacks on information systems is always a constant concern. Protecting information and enabling a safe operation of applications is very important for the business to run properly. Security should be one of the top priorities for any business. Why would this be any different from a car manufacturing company? These company’s need to ensure that their products are inherently safe from these kinds of attacks. Yes, cars do have safety tests and crash testsRead MoreCyber Terrorism: An Electonic Threat Essays533 Words   |  3 Pagesterrorism is make use of computers an organization or Government and certain information via the internet, resulting in physical injury, the real world or severe disruption of infrastructure. There are some who are against terrorism is really a form of cyber hacking or information warfare. They disagree with the label terrorists because this is not like Hud creation of fear, physical injury, or significant death in the population using electronic means, during the attacks and the protection technologiesRead MoreWhy Are Systems Vulnerable?1591 Words   |  7 Pagesabout malicious software? What are computer crimes and should we do anything about them? (P295-p308) Why are systems vulnerable? - Systems are vulnerable because they are interconnected and can be accessed from any point in the connection. This interconnectivity increases the possibility for unauthorized access to private and sensitive materials, fraud, misuse or abuse. Additionally, systems are also vulnerable to hardware or software failures. Hackers can launch denial-of-service attacks or maliciousRead MoreThe Way Of Life Has Forever Changed988 Words   |  4 Pageshas forever changed. Living like our parents did is not an option for the technology thirsty current economy. We have become so dependent on technology and its advances that without it, we simply would not be able to function. If every computer and computer system suddenly crashed or stopped working it would be pure chaos, every nuclear facility would become uncontrollable, and there would be numerous toxic meltdowns, airplanes would fall from the sky, trains and cars and other forms of transportationRead MoreEssay on Careers in the Operating System Field1133 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of their context within a computer operating system environment. From hardware specifications and requirements, user technical support, system administration and security, to software development and system implementation, operating systems are an integral part of the information technology and computing world in all its aspects, and it is difficult to form a concrete demarcation between specialized careers in this industry and the concept of the computer operating system. Probably the mostRead MoreThe Problem Of Software Failures1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe Overview of Issues Any software that is faulty or has bugs in it that causes errors in the system can be the cause of software failure. We face all types of software failures and they affect everyone in some way. There are many software products that fails every day. Software failures do a lot of harm to everyone. The impact of a software failure products can have devastating consequences in today’s world (Clitherow, 2010). 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This has created the need to identify threats and attacks directed to data servers and web applications. Hackers exploit vulnerabilities in input validation and authentication affecting the web application in order to gain illegal access and disclose sensitive data or manipulate itRead MoreEssay on Is 305 Week 3 Lab795 Words   |  4 Pageswill be able to: 1. Understand how risk from threats and software vulnerabilities impacts the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure 2 Review a ZeNmap GUI (Nmap) network discovery and Nessus vulnerability assessment scan report (hardcopy or softcopy) 3. Identify hosts, operating systems, services, applications, and open ports on devices from the ZeNmap GUI (Nmap) scan report 4. Identify critical, major, and minor software vulnerabilities from the Nessus vulnerability assessment scan

Of Youth and Age - Francis Bacon free essay sample

You come from him, you belong to him. And you will go to him. God is the source and the goal of your life. † Our duty is to create the gifts of mind and heart that God has offered us, and to place them at the use of our families and societies. To do this, is to react to God’s meaning for us, and to make our own existence valuable. Step 4: â€Å"Imago Dei† 1. The new visions about God and/or in my connection with God that I got from this article was that neglecting God is something we Christian’s can’t do because God is our faith and hope.He supports us to find the solutions in all our problems by giving us a task that has a moral ending. 2. This article tests the way I think around God by giving us examples of how to manage with everyday problems that God gives us. However He challenges us everyday with situations, He will never give us a challenge we cannot handle. God is neither male nor female. He is the spirit in us that gives us hope and faith towards our challenges. 3. The main inspiration of how we do not treat all people in the image and likeness of God is picking and harassing the gay and/or homosexuals.This is seen in school and in society. Some churches ban gay human beings from their church because of the fact that the church rule is to not be selfish on having feelings for both men and women. Step 5: Freedom, Conscience and Sin 1. I understood conscience as a voice in the back of my head telling me what’s right and what’s wrong. I can recognize it now because of the things that I have gone through in my 17+ years of living. My integrity grew more and more as I grew up knowing that some things can catch up to you in the future.My conscience trained me to know what is right and what is incorrect. 2. As you read the definitions underline or highlight the ones that most clearly help you to understand conscience. 3. Choose the two definitions that you like the most and write 5 sentences on each as to why these are the most meaningful for you. †¢ Conscience deals with knowing and deciding. Briefly, it is a person’s sense of right and wrong, his awareness of responsibility. It is there when a person realizes he/she has done something wrong. Conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary of a man. There he is alone with God. S. T. O. M. P Searching 1. Some good reasons why Susanna should take this job is so that she can gain more experience to put on her resume and to take advantage of this amazing opportunity, that others do not have, to pay off her debt. A consequence in taking this job is that she will feel extremely uncomfortable and in some cases disgusted in the work that others are doing to animals, which may lead to argumentative discussion with other workers and just a disturbance of peace. . Susanna can turn to her parents and friends for help because the people closest to her would understand her situation the best. The church would suggest to do what you think is right and use your Conscience. 3. It means that you cannot directly do something evil in order to bring about the good effect that you hoping for. A good end does not justify evil means to achieve it. In this story, the evil thing is the company proceeding on animal testing, which Susanna is also uncomfortable with. By doing this ‘evil’ job, you cannot expect much good out of it. 4. I think Susanna should be calm about he decision and present herself professionally by simply explaining to the company that the job is not right for her. Susanna should be completely honest with her parents for they are the ones who help you the most. Susanna should not create a dramatic scene at the workplace for you never know what jobs might come by through the company that does not have animal testing. Keep your connections close. Thinking 5. ) An advantage of taking this job without asking questions is that Susanna might cope with the things that she does not like about animal testing and get along with the rest of the company to pay her debt off. It can be the wrong thing to do for her anger in the company doing animal testing may increase and may lead her to quit or loose her job, which would not look god in applying to other placements. b) An advantage of turning down the job, she at least will not be stressed out constantly about how there is animal testing done under the same roof as where she works.The disadvantage is that she will not have a job and it will take longer for her to find one for it is really hard to find jobs in the market. c) An advantage of taking the job without being involved in animal testing is that she gets to work a job that she doesn’t hate and can finally start to pay her debt off. A disadvantage may be that she may still stress out about the fact that there is animal testing under the same roof (just the idea will irritate her) and will lead to other things. 6. Susanna could ask the company if they could maybe suggest her to another ompany similar to this one but without using animal testing in their works. 7. a) If Susanna takes the job, her friends and family, and herself will be effected. Her friends may become jealous, her family will be proud of her and encourage her, and she might have mixed feelings about this job and could react in an unexpected way when starting the job. b) If Susanna turns down the job, she will still be out of a job to pay her debt and though she my feel more comfortable not being around animal testing, she will be stressed out to find a new job. 8.Susanna can pray to have a stronger and more accurate conscience and that her conscience would lead her to the right path. 9. I personally think that Susanna should cope with the animal testing and use her will power to keep her opposition to her self while she completes her large debts in order to move on with her life. If she turns this job down, she needs to spend more time looking for a new job in a market that is not so available to new jobs. The sooner she gets rid of her debts, the quicker she can start working and keeping the money she earns.Task 1: Option B As a Christian, I think honesty is a very important part in our society. Unfortunately honesty is abused by a majority of the citizens in our world because everybody wants to trick each other so that they can profit morally, financially, and socially form others. We say that we should live as a Christian, respect one another and treat others how you would like to be treated. Unfortunately the media of our world shows us the flaws in human society and how easily we can all be tricked in believing rumors and tampered information.For example, if the candidates running for president promise many positive things, all the citizens of the country are going to believe them because none understand the power of deception. I had recently seen a film called ‘Juvenile Offender’ at the Tiff Festival which was about a mother that had a child at the age of 17, leaving the child with her father and completely forgetting about him, and the struggles that the child went through. The child was taken care of by his grandfather who eventually died of old age when the child was 15.Not having any family and no parents to learn from, he ended up impregnating his girlfriend at the age of 16 and when to jail for 8 months. It is understandable that it is very hard to raise a child at the age of 17, but what message does it give to the world, your family, and your chil d when you make a mistake and don’t fix it. The child then, with no teachings, repeats the same mistake his mother made. If the mother could have been respectful and honest with herself, she could have fixed her whole life and even the relationship with her and her one and only son. I myself take honesty extremely seriously.I do not have the strength in me to lie, I just feel so guilty and I bring myself through a guilt trip. I know for a fact that a majority of all lies build up to another lie and another lie and so on, and there comes a point where you get tired of remembering to lie or cover up a lie, that the truth slips out. When someone is constantly dishonest, it shows a lot about his or her character. It shows that someone cannot take responsibility. I just don’t understand what goes through people minds when they use people and lie about everything so that they can higher themselves from others.

Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts

Question: Discuss about the Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts. Answer: Introduction The establishment and continued growth of therapeutic jurisprudence remains a very significant legal theoretical development in the justice system over the last couple of decades.[1] The essential focus of this concept is to establish whether the legal system or process contributes to the emotional, physical and psychological well-being of the individual in court.[2] Problem-solving courts or solution focused courts, driven by the philosophy of therapeutic jurisprudence seek to address all the underlying issues concerned in a case rather than simply tackling the legal problem.[3] The overall significance in the development of this concept is to ensure the justice system attains its object of rehabilitation. In the case study provided, James Dowey, a student is charged with assault to which he pleads guilty. During sentencing, his attorney highlights various factors that may have contributed to his actions. The following discourse aims to establish whether the court considered the pri nciples of therapeutic jurisprudence by adopting a problem-solving approach. It undertakes to establish whether the procedures applied suffice in improving the psychological, and physical wellness of all those who come into contact with the legal process. An Overview of the Development and Significance of Therapeutic Justice The evolution of this concept is traced back to the works of David Wexler and Bruce Winick on Mental Health Law in the US.[4] Wexler explored and proposed the idea of law as a mode of therapy which he subsequently described as therapeutical jurisprudence, a concept he and Winick have expanded. Their research was driven by their observation of the negative consequences in the application of mental health law. The concept has since developed, propelled by extensive academic research and its recognition in various conferences the world over.[5] Legal practitioners have come to appreciate its significance particularly in mental health law, solution-focused courts and court diversion programs. Australia has not been left behind in the development of therapeutic jurisprudence; although it has not been without concerns.[6] Magistrates courts in Australia have readily adopted the concept of therapeutic jurisprudence so as to ensure the court experience is more meaningful and priority is given to offender rehabilitation. In 2004, Western Australian country magistrates committed to a resolution that would see them apply therapeutic jurisprudence in their work.[7] The Magistrates Court Act 1989 (Vic) also requires that the Chief Justice consider magistrates competence and knowledge in therapeutic jurisprudence as well as restorative justice prior to assignment.[8] The development of this concept in the magistrates courts is driven by the desire to promote rehabilitation by ensuring that in addition to ensuring fairness in the court processes, judicial offices exude concern and compassion for individuals brought before them.[9] It is important to note, however, that therapeutic jurisprudence objectives do not intend to counter or surpass other goals of justice.[10] In as much as it aims to improve the psychological well-being of those subjected to the justice system, its application is guided by the core objectives of justice and where conflict arises between therapeutic principles and justice principles, the principles of justice remain supreme. However, legal actors are advised to consider the consequences of their interpretation and application of law to all parties involve so as to minimise any negative effects in the quest for justice; the underlying principle is rehabilitation over punishment or deterrence.[11] Essentially, the underlying significance of therapeutic jurisprudence is to humanise the justice system. An Overview of the Development and Significance of Problem Solving Courts Problem-solving or Solution-Focused courts are special courts which are established to avail a new approach to criminal activity by considering the underlying problem which may influence offenders to act as they did.[12] As with the concept of therapeutic jurisprudence, these courts originated in the United States with a Drug Court established in 1989 and have since grown to encompass mental health and family courts among other problem-solving courts. Largely influenced by the therapeutic jurisprudence ideology, these courts adopt sentences which would offer the offender a more rehabilitative experience for example through drug or mental health treatment. They also collaborate with other social care services and professional and incorporate an assessment of the offenders needs so as to establish the best possible approach to sentencing and treatment.[13] The new approach to criminal matters has established new judicial responsibilities where officers are required to be emphatic, comp assionate and engaged in the process of rehabilitating the accused.[14] The development of these courts was driven by a shift in the focus of the legal officers from the offender and their offence to the underlying issues that caused the individual to act as they did and an effort to find solutions to these underlying problems.[15] They were driven by the frustrations of courts, victims, offenders and the public at large on the inadequacies of the traditional systems of case processing, overpopulated prisons, increasing backlog in court cases, a deterioration in social and community systems that previously offered individual support and various other challenged faced by judicial officers and correctional authorities in the rehabilitation of offenders. Solution-based courts are seen to offer wholesome rehabilitation solutions and are also more economical than the traditional system of harsh sentences aimed at deterrence.[16] As such Australia has seen a rise in the establishment of various problem-solving courts throughout its territories; these include D rug courts, Medical Health Courts, Family Violence Courts among others. However, the legal foundation and constitutionality of these courts differ from one jurisdiction to another. An Analysis of the Impact of Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Solution-Focused Courts to the Case Study As aforementioned, therapeutic jurisprudence is driven by improvements to the emotional and psychological well-being of parties in the legal process. In the case study provided, the attorney representing the accused illuminated the principles of this concept by attempting to make it known to the court the underlying factors that may have influenced James Doweys actions as also petitioning court to approach the matter with empathy and compassion. His appeal was driven by the desire to see that the accused got the treatment and rehabilitation he deserved rather than facing a harsh punishment that would likely expose him to anti-therapeutic consequences. By being alive to the fact that all these factors were crucial and may have significantly influenced the offender's actions, the attorney demonstrated the appropriate consideration for the well-being of the accused and as such embodied therapeutic jurisprudence in his role as a legal officer. Additionally, therapeutic jurisprudence calls for judicial officers to be compassionate and apply humanity as they exercise their judicial functions so as to minimise the negative effects that may arise from the legal process. In this case study, therapeutic jurisprudence would require that the judge considers the factors presented to him by the attorney with care and compassion and not in the disinterested manner that has been the tradition of judicial officers. From a point of humanity, the judge can appreciate that the factors highlighted by the attorney most likely influenced the actions of the accused. Additionally, any sentence issued should be in the best interest of the accused, would it aggravate his mental and emotional instability or would it ensure he gets the treatment and rehabilitation he needs. Ordering an assessment of the accused goes to show that the judge appreciates a more humane approach to rehabilitation of offenders. As such, it is clear that the judge in his capacity as a judicial officer was appropriately considerate of the emotional and psychological well-being of the accused and his family members. The prosecutor, on the other hand, took a more traditional stance; his position was driven by the objective of justice to ensure the community at large is protected. This position embodies the traditional approach to criminal justice which is characterised by harsh punishment and deterrence. As aforementioned, in exercising therapeutic jurisprudence, it is important that practitioners do not trump the underlying principles of justice. However, in the same regard, therapeutic jurisprudence aims to minimise the negative effects arising from the traditional approach. As such, the prosecutor's approach was not appropriate to improve the emotional and psychological well-being of the accused. Conclusion In conclusion, as illustrated in the discourse above, therapeutic jurisprudence is a significant development in the legal profession and its effects cannot go unnoticed. Its influence is particularly notable in the magistrates courts which have committed to appreciate and apply its principles to the extent that they coincide with the core principles of justice. Problem-solving courts have been established from the application of therapeutic jurisprudence and as such aim to ensure offenders are provided with the best possible solution for rehabilitation. With this in mind, it is evident that some of these precepts have been considered in the case study so as to ensure to improve the well-being of the accused. The attorney and the judge have considered other underlying problems the accused it facing, such as alcohol influence, mental health issues and other challenges so as to ensure the sentence is relevant to his situation. The prosecutor, however, has failed to show the empathy and concern required of legal officers in the exercise of therapeutic jurisprudence. All in all, the overall court proceedings were appropriate to improving the emotional and psychological well-being of those involved. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Ackerman, George, Law and Courts: Current Perspectives from InfoTrac (Cengage Learning, 2011) Australian Institute of Judicial Administration (AIJA), Problem-Solving Courts www.aija.org.au/index.php/research/australasian-therapeutic-jurisprudence-clearinghouse/problem-solving-courts Best, Charlotte, Criminal Minds: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Perspective on Neurodisability and the Criminal Justice System (2016) 3 Public Interest Journal of New Zealand 164 Dr Jeffries, Samantha and Dr Bond, Christine E W, Does a Therapeutic Court Context Matter?: The Likelihood of Imprisonment for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Offenders Sentenced in Problem Solving Courts (2013) International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 11 King Michael, Ariel Freiberg and Becky Batagol, Non-Adversarial Justice (Federation Press, 2014) King, Michael S and Auty, Kate, Therapeutic Jurisprudence: An Emerging Trend in Courts of Summary Jurisdiction (2005) 30 (2) AltLJ 69 Perlin, Michael L, A Prescription for Dignity: Rethinking Criminal Justice and Mental Disability Law (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2013) Popovic, Jelena Court Process and Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Have We Thrown the Baby Out With the Bathwater? (2007) eLaw Journal: Murdock University Electronic Journal of Law (Special Series) 60 Slater, Lyn K and Finck, Kara R, Social Work Practice and the Law (Springer Publishing, 2012) Webster, David B, The Development of Therapeutic Jurisprudence: From Theory to Practice (1999) 68 Rev Jur UPR 697 Legislation The Magistrates Court Act 1989 (Vic) Other Karras, Maria, McCarron Emily, Gray Abigail and Ardasinki Sam, On the Edge of Justice: The Legal Needs of People with Mental Illness in NSW (2006) Law and Justice Foundation